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In C++, there is no situation in which using 'goto' makes code more readable. There's always a better alternative.
What you describe is exactly what the 'continue' keyword does. However, I find that...

Not with an exception, this is C++. Compare the value with std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity().

Can't you reduce the time step after the result goes to infinity and roll back the last computation, or redo the whole computation?