const pointers and pointer to const

const applies to what is on its immediate left, if nothing on the left then on the right.

i'm getting confused in understanding the use of them
i've read the meaning of them more than 20 times but it couldn't find a way to my brain
i couldn't figure out what is the value that can't not change and what is not

example
[code]
int a=12;
const int b=2;
int c=4;
const int *p;
int *const pp=&a;
[\code]

which is wrong and which is legal

Code:

---

p=&b;
*p=33;
pp=&c; // if this is legal then why the pointer is const if it's value changed

---

pointers to const : if the address of the pointer shouldn't change then what is the difference between it and constant pointers
couse in the two ways i can't modify the value

i hope if you give me another simple clear example and not give me meanings or syntax declarations

Here is an excellent link.

The C++ 'const' Declaration: Why & How

http://duramecho.com/ComputerInforma...wCppConst.html

Just go through this example.

Pointer to const
The trick with a pointer definition, as with any complicated definition, is to
read it starting at the identifier and work your way out. The const specifier
binds to the thing it is “closest to.” So if you want to prevent any changes
to the element you are pointing to, you write a definition like this:


const int* u;

Starting from the identifier, we read “u is a pointer, which points to a const
int.” Here, no initialization is required because you’re saying that u can
point to anything (that is, it is not const), but the thing it points to cannot
be changed.


Here’s the mildly confusing part. You might think that to make the pointer
itself unchangeable, that is, to prevent any change to the address
contained inside u, you would simply move the const to the other side of
the int like this:


int const* v;

It’s not all that crazy to think that this should read “v is a const pointer to
an int.” However, the way it actually reads is “v is an ordinary pointer to an
int that happens to be const.” That is, the const has bound itself to the int
again, and the effect is the same as the previous definition. The fact that
these two definitions are the same is the confusing point; to prevent this
confusion on the part of your reader, you should probably stick to the first
form.


const pointer

To make the pointer itself a const, you must place the const specifier to the
right of the *, like this:

int d = 1;
int* const w = &d;

Now it reads: “w is a pointer, which is const, that points to an int.” Because
the pointer itself is now the const, the compiler requires that it be given an
initial value that will be unchanged for the life of that pointer. It’s OK,
however, to change what that value points to by saying


*w = 2;
You can also make a const pointer to a const object using either of two
legal forms:

Code:

---

int d = 1;
const int* const x = &d;  // (1)
int const* const x2 = &d; // (2)

---

Now neither the pointer nor the object can be changed.


Some people argue that the second form is more consistent because the
const is always placed to the right of what it modifies. You’ll have to decide
which is clearer for your particular coding style.


Here are the above lines in a compileable file:

Code:

---

const int* u;
int const* v;
int d = 1;
int* const w = &d;
const int* const x = &d;  // (1)
int const* const x2 = &d; // (2)
int main() {} ///

---

Quote:

---

const applies to what is on its immediate left, if nothing on the left then on the right.

---

This should do.
I find that it is very simple and it works, for more read that link i posted.

Although, i must point out the right way to analyze is to read from right to left.

????

thanx man
but that's what is written in "Thinking in C++" book and that's what i'm reading now and that part get me confused
first there is no problem with me in the definitions like int *const p;

Quote:

---

you’re saying that u can
point to anything (that is, it is not const), but the thing it points to cannot
be changed.

---

and that's from this faq
[http]http://www.codeguru.com/forum/showthread.php?t=231042[/http]

Quote:

---

const char*
declares a pointer to a constant character (or a constant character array). The pointer can be changed, but the character (or array) to which it points can not be changed.

---

how!
if i change the or edit the pointer that will affect the character array too didn't it!
or you mean that :
if i assign a pointer to something then now the pointer can't not be modefied and i can perform some operation on it like assigning it to another " not constant character array " for example or sending it as an argument without changing it
then after ending with it i can assign it to another " char* " for example . is it this way?


const pointer:

Quote:

---

Because
the pointer itself is now the const, the compiler requires that it be given an
initial value that will be unchanged for the life of that pointer. It’s OK,
however, to change what that value points to by saying


*w = 2;

---

and that's from this faq
[http]http://www.codeguru.com/forum/showthread.php?t=231042[/http]

Quote:

---

char* const
declares a constant pointer which has both read and write access to a character (or character array). The pointer itself is a constant and you can not change it.

---

that's what really confused me
they say that it's value can't be changed when they are assigning that value but then he says you can change what the value is pointing to or it's have a read and write access then saying the pointer can't changed

what is your comments

have u check this Thinking C++ CareFully

int *const p;
&
const char* p;
i think u r looking for these two lines

Code:

---


To declare the object pointed to by the pointer as const
const    char *cpch;

To declare the value of the pointer — that is, the actual address stored in
the pointer — as const

char * const    pchc;

---

example

Code:

---


const char cch = 'A';
char        ch = 'B';

const char        *pch1 = &cch;
const char *const  pch4 = &cch;
const char        *pch5 = &ch;
char              *pch6 = &ch;
char      *const  pch7 = &ch;
const char *const  pch8 = &ch;

//The following declaration/initializations are erroneous.

char *pch2 = &cch;        // Error
char *const pch3 = &cch;  // Error

---

The declaration of pch2 declares a pointer through which a constant object might be modified and is therefore disallowed. The declaration of pch3 specifies that the pointer is constant, not the object;

another One

Code:

---

int *const cpObject = 0;
int *pObject;

void main()
{
    pObject = cpObject; // OK
    cpObject = pObject; // Error
}

---

now every thing is clear
i've understand it
thank you guys

but i have a another problem arise when i read the "stack" example

how can i store:

Code:

---

string s[]={"hello","code"}
or
string* sss;
or
const string* ss;

---

into

Code:

---

string * const p[2];  // 2 is optional

---

i've tried hard but the error " C2440" arrives each time

Take a look at the following FAQ...

Quote:

---

Code:

---

int a=12;
const int b=2;
int c=4;
const int *p;
int *const pp=&a;

---

which is wrong and which is legal

Code:

---

p=&b;
*p=33;
pp=&c; // if this is legal then why the pointer is const if it's value changed

---

---

The first one: p = &b; is legal because p points to const int, and b is a const int, so p can ponit to it.

The other two are both illegal.

Quote:

---

Code:

---

int *const cpObject = 0;
int *pObject;

void main()
{
    pObject = cpObject; // OK
    cpObject = pObject; // Error
}

---

---

also an error that your main returns void instead of int.

no problem with const now but i need an answer to my last question

Code:

---

string s[]={"hello","code"}
string* const ps[5]={0};

// any way to store s in ps
const string* S="hello";
const string *ss=&SomeString;
//any way to store S or ss in the ps

---

always 1 compile time error arrives "C2440"

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by cgtalk

no problem with const now but i need an answer to my last question

Code:

---

string s[]={"hello","code"}
string* const ps[5]={0};

// any way to store s in ps
const string* S="hello";
const string *ss=&SomeString;
//any way to store S or ss in the ps

---

always 1 compile time error arrives "C2440"

---

still Problem with const only.
have you read all previous article carefully and Andreas Masur link.
Because after that there is no problem to do this.
your error occur due to Following.
conversion' : cannot convert from 'type1' to 'type2'

const string*
declares a pointer to a constant string . The pointer can be changed, but the string to which it points can not be changed

and you are trying to do same thing only.
Better Once again read all the post and link and if still problem then ask in the forum

ok
when i declare ps as a constant pointer to array of strings this should be initialized first so i initialize it to zeros
so the values for each pointer could be changed couse it's a constant pointer
then why when i try to assign a string to it i get a compile time error ,

also for a pointer to constant string the string is initialized to something and i can't change the value inside the string which i didn't , i have try to aasign it to any index of the ps array nut the same compile time error happends

did i understood the constants wrong , it isn't that way to deal with constants array of strings?
i just want to strore a pointer to a constant string which i initialize it first
like

Code:

---

const string* s="hello";

---

the string will not be edited after this couse it's constant
but i just want to store it like this way

Code:

---

string* const ps[3]={0}; // should be initialized first couse it's const pointer
&ps[0]=*s;
&ps[1]=*s;
..

---

or does the error becouse the compiler think that after i store it in the array the value in that address could be modified becouse it's address of a constant pointer but it can't do that couse the string is a constant string?
is this is the couse of the error?

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by cgtalk

when i declare ps as a constant pointer to array of strings this should be initialized first so i initialize it to zeros

---

A constant pointer to an array of strings must be initialized to points to an array of strings, like that for example:

Code:

---

string * const p=new string[42];

delete[] p;

---

Or like that:

Code:

---

string array[42];
string * const p=array;

---

But if you initialize the pointer to zero (=NULL), then it will points forever to NULL.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by cgtalk

so the values for each pointer could be changed couse it's a constant pointer

---

You mean "cause it's a pointer to non-constant data".
In that case, you can change the strings, like that:

Code:

---

string array[42];
string * const p=array;
p[0]="TheFirstStringOfTheArray";

---

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by cgtalk

then why when i try to assign a string to it i get a compile time error ,

---

How do you do that?

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by cgtalk

also for a pointer to constant string the string is initialized to something and i can't change the value inside the string which i didn't , i have try to aasign it to any index of the ps array nut the same compile time error happends

---

The data pointed by a pointer to a constant string is not automatically created. Instead, you must create a new datum, and assign it to the pointer, like that:

Code:

---

const string* s; // pointer to a constant string - not initialized.
string datum="hello!";
s=&datum; // now s points to a string containing "hello!"
// you cannot modify (without const_cast) the datum via s, but you can still change the datum via the datum variable.

// you can make s points to another datum, like that:
const string SecondDatum="another string!";
s=&SecondDatum;

---

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by cgtalk

i just want to strore a pointer to a constant string which i initialize it first

Code:

---

const string* s="hello";

---

---

This code is totally invalid!
You must initialize (or assign) a pointer with an address, not with a value!
Instead, you must do something like that:

Code:

---

const string a_const_string="hello";
const string *ps=&a_const_string;

---

Or, the same thing with an array:

Code:

---

const string an_array_of_const_strings[2]={"FirstString","SecondString"};
const string *ps=an_array_of_const_strings;
std::cout<<ps[1]; // outputs "SecondString"!

ps[1]="another string"; // compile-time error - you cannot assign a const value!

---

Note that you cannot call delete[] with a pointer to const data, since it 'touches' to the pointed data!

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by cgtalk

Code:

---

string* const ps[3]={0}; // should be initialized first couse it's const pointer
&ps[0]=*s;
&ps[1]=*s;

---

---

What is that code?
ps is array of const pointers to strings (non-const strings).
That is why the array must be initialized, but you initialize all const pointers to zero=NULL, so you will never be able to use this array.

&ps[0]=*s; : It is an invalid assignment of a non-L-value (address)!
What do you want to do?

If you want to creates an array of const pointers to strings, you can do it like that:

Code:

---

string String1="hello",String2=" ",String3="world!";

string * const ps[3]={&String1,&String2,&String3};

for(size_t i=0;i<3;++i)
        {
        (*ps[i])+="[end-of-string]"; // modify String1, String2 or String3
        }

std::cout<<String1<<String2<<String3<<std::endl;
// outputs "hello[end-of-string] [end-of-string]world![end-of-string]"

---

But maybe you just want an array of const strings, like that:

Code:

---

const string array[3]={"string1","string2","string3"};

---

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by cgtalk

did i understood the constants wrong , it isn't that way to deal with constants array of strings?gtalk]

---

You don't seem to understand correctly pointers.

I am unable to get this:

as we say int const*ptr; means ptr is a pointer to an const int.

In a example:

int x = 10;
int const*ptr = &x;

//Here *ptr = 12// will give error...

Then if we modify X = 12;// Why there's no error in this case....